The term espalier was originally applied to the method used for training fruit trees in open ground, either as permanent features or in preparation for placing them on walls.  This type of artistic pruning is perfect if you want to grow ornamental trees or shrubs in a small space.   Plants are grown flat like vines and trained against a wall, fence, building, trellis or on a set of fixed wires.  There are many different methods and styles of espalier, both formal and informal.  Some look like giant fans and others are more formal and geometric in shape, for example a single trunk with branches that are trained to a resemble a candelabra.  Plants in containers can also be trained as espaliers.  Fruit trees like dwarf apples, pears, quince, and figs  work well because they are productive and they offer ornamental fruit and/or flowers.    Other good candidates for espalier include Camellias, Cotoneasters, Viburnums, Forsythia, Flowering quince, Witchhazels and Magnolia grandiflora.

Magnolia grandiflora 'Little Gem'

Getting Started

 1. Select a tree or shrub that branches in a way that fits the type of espalier you want.   Formal patterns such as diamonds or a  candelabra will take longer to train than informal designs like a fan.  If you can’t find a specimen that has the  form you desire, start with a young whip (one long slender trunk with no side branches) or a small shrub or tree and prune off all the side branches.  As the plant begins to put out growth you can train each branch.  Prune off young branches  that grow in the wrong direction.  Continue to prune throughout the growing season.  Attach young pliable shoots to the support with twine or special attachments designed for vines. 

Loquat espalier

  Some nurseries sell plants that have already been trained to grow in a particular pattern.  This will give you a head start but may not be as satisfying as creating your own design. 

2. Provide a structure to support  your espalier.  Whether it is a formal or an informal design, install a trellis, lattice or wire fence at least six inches away from the wall or fence it will grow against.  This will provide better air circulation and  make it easier to prune the plant.  In addition, the building will be easier to maintain.  Wire works well for fruit trees,  and lattice or trellis is good for shrubs.  To create a wire support use two sturdy posts, 7 or 8 feet tall, spaced at a distance that you think the espalier will eventually reach.  Anchor the posts and then using staples, attach the wire between the posts.  The first wire should be about 3 feet up from the ground.  Additional wires should be placed about one foot apart. 

free standing Espaliered Pear

In a small space espaliered plants, trees and shrubs can lift your garden up walls and fences, while providing you with the opportunity to show off your imagination.  And in larger spaces espalier can create dramatic backgrounds and accents.

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